Appendix 1: Tables of district health board survey data

District health boards were within our central government sector, which was made up of 11 different entity types. The other 10 entity types were government departments, Crown agents or companies, autonomous Crown entities, independent Crown entities, central government – other, Māori Trust Boards, Rural Education Activities Programmes, Crown research institutes, tertiary education institutions, and State-owned enterprises.

These 11 entity types made up 45% of the total number of respondents from all public entities. The other respondents were working in schools (32.7%) and local government entities (22.3%).

The district health board respondents represented 5% of all respondents. The following graphs and tables compare the district health board results with the wider central government sector and the public sector overall.

We have rounded the percentages to the nearest whole number, so the percentages may not always add to 100.

Question 1: My organisation has a Fraud Policy.

	Yes		No		Don't know		Total
District health boards	57	79%	2	3%	13	18%	72
Central government	539	83%	38	6%	69	11%	646
All public entities	1143	79%	135	9%	169	12%	1447

Question 2: The Fraud Policy is communicated regularly (annually or biannually).

	Yes		No		Don't know		Total
District health boards	32	58%	15	27%	8	15%	55
Central government	338	63%	140	26%	59	11%	537
All public entities	735	64%	295	26%	113	10%	1143

Question 3: My organisation has a staff Code of Conduct.

	Yes		No		Don't know		Total
District health boards	68	97%	1	1%	1	1%	70
Central government	611	95%	22	3%	10	2%	643
All public entities	1321	92%	86	6%	35	2%	1442

Question 4: The staff Code of Conduct is communicated regularly (annually or biannually).

	Yes		No		Don't know		Total
District health boards	41	60%	21	31%	6	9%	68
Central government	413	68%	143	23%	54	9%	610
All public entities	921	70%	286	22%	115	9%	1322

Question 5: My organisation has a clear policy on accepting gifts or services.

	Yes		No		Don't know		Total
District health boards	63	90%	3	4%	4	6%	70
Central government	579	90%	33	5%	30	5%	642
All public entities	1025	71%	266	18%	149	10%	1440

Question 6: Receiving gifts, free or heavily discounted services or preferential treatment because of my role in my organisation is …

Note: The "right" answer to this question is a response that is in keeping with the entity's gifts policy.

Question 7: My organisation has designated a person who is responsible for fraud risks, including investigation.

	Yes		No		Don't know		Total
District health boards	52	74%	6	9%	12	17%	70
Central government	472	74%	73	11%	95	15%	640
All public entities	971	68%	258	18%	206	14%	1435

Question 8: I am confident that managers in my organisation understand their responsibilities for preventing and detecting the risks of fraud and corruption.

	Yes		No		Don't know		Total
District health boards	59	84%	5	7%	6	9%	70
Central government	565	88%	41	6%	34	5%	640
All public entities	1282	89%	80	6%	72	5%	1434

Question 9: I am confident that other employees understand their responsibilities for preventing and detecting the risks of fraud and corruption.

	Yes		No		Don't know		Total
District health boards	37	53%	18	26%	15	21%	70
Central government	447	70%	90	14%	103	16%	640
All public entities	1049	73%	181	13%	204	14%	1434

Question 10: My organisation reviews its fraud controls on a regular basis (annually or biannually).

	Yes		No		Don't know		Total
District health boards	45	64%	6	9%	19	27%	70
Central government	449	70%	43	7%	147	23%	639
All public entities	960	67%	178	12%	295	21%	1433

Question 11: My organisation takes a proactive approach to preventing fraud and corruption.

	Yes		No		Don't know		Total
District health boards	53	76%	7	10%	10	14%	70
Central government	494	77%	61	10%	83	13%	638
All public entities	1105	77%	164	11%	162	11%	1431

Question 12: New employees at my organisation undergo pre-employment screening that includes criminal history checks.

	Yes		No		Don't know		Total
District health boards	53	76%	10	14%	7	10%	70
Central government	394	62%	148	23%	96	15%	638
All public entities	1016	71%	251	18%	164	11%	1431

Question 13: I have had fraud awareness training at my current organisation.

	Yes		No		Don't know		Total
District health boards	20	29%	50	71%	0	-	70
Central government	169	26%	452	71%	17	3%	638
All public entities	338	24%	1057	74%	36	3%	1431

Question 14: The fraud awareness training that I received at my current organisation was…

Question 15: My organisation carries out due diligence on new suppliers, including credit checks and checks for conflicts of interest.

	Yes		No		Don't know		Total
District health boards	41	59%	8	11%	21	30%	70
Central government	328	51%	114	18%	196	31%	638
All public entities	680	48%	366	26%	385	27%	1431

Question 16: My organisation encourages staff to come forward if they see or suspect fraud or corruption.

	Yes		No		Don't know		Total
District health boards	60	86%	5	7%	5	7%	70
Central government	556	87%	36	6%	45	7%	637
All public entities	1258	88%	72	5%	100	7%	1430

Question 17: The culture at my organisation is such that I would be willing to raise any concerns that I may have regarding fraud or corruption and I know that my concerns will be taken seriously and I would not suffer any retaliation.

	Yes		No		Don't know		Total
District health boards	62	89%	3	4%	5	7%	70
Central government	604	95%	12	2%	21	3%	637
All public entities	1357	95%	21	1%	50	4%	1428

Question 18: My organisation has a Protected Disclosures Policy (or similar).

	Yes		No		Don't know		Total
District health boards	45	64%	4	6%	21	30%	70
Central government	475	75%	38	6%	124	19%	637
All public entities	1017	71%	114	8%	297	21%	1428

Question 19: There is a whistleblower hotline at my organisation.

	Yes		No		Don't know		Total
District health boards	11	16%	43	61%	16	23%	70
Central government	93	15%	438	69%	106	17%	637
All public entities	166	12%	1067	75%	195	14%	1428

Question 20: When fraud or corruption risks are raised at my organisation, my organisation takes proactive steps to reduce the risk.

	Yes		No		Don't know		Total
District health boards	55	79%	1	1%	14	20%	70
Central government	595	94%	5	1%	36	6%	636
All public entities	1236	87%	10	1%	182	13%	1428

Question 21: Credit card expenditure is closely monitored.

	Yes		No		Don't know		Total
District health boards	55	79%	1	1%	14	20%	70
Central government	595	94%	5	1%	36	6%	636
All public entities	1280	90%	46	3%	100	7%	1426

Question 22: Staff expenses are closely monitored.

	Yes		No		Don't know		Total
District health boards	66	94%	1	1%	3	4%	70
Central government	616	97%	7	1%	13	2%	636
All public entities	1381	97%	15	1%	30	2%	1426

Question 23: Should a fraud or corruption incident occur at my organisation, the investigation is conducted by ...

Question 24: Management communicates incidents of fraud to all staff at my organisation.

	Yes		No		Don't know		Total
District health boards	19	27%	34	49%	17	24%	70
Central government	175	28%	259	41%	202	32%	636
All public entities	416	29%	546	38%	464	33%	1426

Question 25: I am aware of fraud or corruption incidents in the last two years that have gone unreported by my organisation.

	Yes		No		Don't know		Total
District health boards	1	1%	64	91%	5	7%	70
Central government	11	2%	590	93%	35	6%	636
All public entities	22	2%	1345	94%	59	4%	1426

Question 26: I am aware of fraud or corruption incidents in the last two years that have been reported but gone unpunished by my organisation.

	Yes		No		Don't know		Total
District health boards	1	1%	65	93%	4	6%	70
Central government	10	2%	582	92%	43	7%	635
All public entities	26	2%	1324	93%	75	5%	1425

Question 27: Inappropriate or personal credit card expenditure is taken very seriously and results in disciplinary action.

	Yes		No		Don't know		Total
District health boards	53	76%	2	3%	15	21%	70
Central government	548	86%	15	2%	72	11%	635
All public entities	1179	83%	47	3%	199	14%	1425

Question 28: Inappropriate expense claims or expense claims for personal purchases are taken very seriously and result in disciplinary action.

	Yes		No		Don't know		Total
District health boards	58	83%	2	3%	10	14%	70
Central government	543	86%	18	3%	74	12%	635
All public entities	1219	86%	37	3%	168	12%	1424

Question 29: I am confident that my organisation will take all reasonable action to recover any money lost through fraud or corruption.

	Yes		No		Don't know		Total
District health boards	63	90%	1	1%	6	9%	70
Central government	580	91%	9	1%	46	7%	635
All public entities	1319	93%	18	1%	87	6%	1424

Question 30: I am confident that incidents of fraud and corruption that occur at my organisation will be reported to the Police.

	Yes		No		Don't know		Total
District health boards	58	83%	3	4%	9	13%	70
Central government	485	76%	32	5%	118	19%	635
All public entities	1115	78%	75	5%	234	16%	1424

Question 31: Internal controls are reviewed as part of every fraud investigation.

	Yes		No		Don't know		Total
District health boards	47	67%	0	-	23	33%	70
Central government	438	69%	8	1%	189	30%	635
All public entities	1005	71%	29	2%	390	27%	1424

Question 32: How many incidents of fraud or corruption are you aware of at your organisation in the last two years?

	No instances		1 or more		Total
District health boards	47	67%	23	33%	70
Central government	454	72%	180	28%	634
All public entities	1102	77%	320	23%	1422

Question 33: What is the total dollar amount of all incidents of fraud and corruption that you are aware have occurred at your organisation within the last two years?

	District health boards		Central government		All public entities
Less than $10,000	14	61%	100	56%	199	62%
$10,001 - $100,000	2	9%	28	16%	45	14%
More than $100,000	3	13%	16	8%	17	5%
Don't know	4	17%	37	20%	59	19%
Total	23	100%	180	100%	320	100%

Question 34: In the most recent incident of fraud or corruption within your organisation that you are aware of, the main perpetrator(s) was ...

	District health boards		Central government		All public entities
Internal (within the organisation)	17	74%	141	78%	255	80%
External (outside the organisation)	5	22%	23	13%	34	11%
A combination of external and internal (i.e. collusion)	1	4%	12	7%	24	7%
Don't know	0	-	4	2%	7	2%
Total	23	100%	180	100%	320	100%

Question 35: In the most recent incident of fraud or corruption within your organisation that you are aware of and that involved internal parties, the main perpetrator(s) was ...

	District health boards		Central government		All public entities
Chief Executive Officer/ Managing Director/ Principal	1	4%	4	2%	8	3%
Member of the senior executive/leadership team or equivalent	2	9%	3	2%	7	2%
Line manager	2	9%	19	11%	36	11%
Admin/support services	2	9%	46	25%	71	22%
Operational staff	11	47%	83	46%	148	46%
Other	5	22%	25	14%	50	16%
Total	23	100%	180	100%	320	100%

Question 36: In the most recent incident of fraud or corruption within your organisation that you are aware of, what type was committed?

	District health boards		Central government		All public entities
	No.	%	No.	%	No.	%
Theft of cash	2	7%	37	17%	85	21%
Theft of plant and equipment	3	10%	13	6%	35	9%
Theft of inventory	3	10%	14	6%	33	8%
Theft of intellectual property	0	-	4	2%	6	1%
Identity crime	0	-	7	3%	7	2%
Fraudulent expense claim	5	17%	38	17%	55	14%
Fraudulent use of a credit card	0	-	23	10%	31	8%
Fraudulent use of a fuel card	1	3%	9	4%	17	4%
False invoicing	5	17%	23	10%	34	8%
Payroll fraud	9	30%	20	9%	38	9%
Supplying false credentials	1	3%	6	3%	7	2%
False claim for benefit	0	-	2	1%	2	0%
Financial statement fraud (overstatements)	0	-	0	-	2	0%
Financial statement fraud (understatements)	0	-	0	-	1	0%
Conflicts of interest	1	3%	17	8%	27	7%
Provide false information or fraudulent alteration of documents	0	-	3	1%	9	2%
Don't know	0	-	5	2%	13	3%
Total	30	100%	221	100%	402	100%

Notes:

Theft of plant and equipment – such as computers, personal items.
Theft of intellectual property – such as confidential information/business information.
Identity crime – either misusing another person's identity or using a false identity.
False invoicing – either internally or externally created.
Payroll fraud – such as falsifying electronic or physical documents such as timesheets, annual leave returns, student numbers, payroll forms.
Supplying false credentials – such as a false CV.
False claim for benefit – such as ACC, Housing.
Conflicts of interest – such as paying or receiving backhanders, receiving undeclared gifts or services to influence decision-making or in return for preferential treatment.

Question 37: In the most recent incident of fraud or corruption within your organisation that you are aware of, how was it detected?

	District health boards		Central government		All public entities
	No.	%	No.	%	No.	%
Whistle blowing system	3	10%	10	4%	12	3%
Internal tip-off	6	19%	46	20%	80	20%
External tip-off	1	3%	20	9%	40	10%
Change of duties/ personnel	2	6%	11	5%	17	4%
Accident (i.e. luck)	1	3%	9	4%	17	4%
Internal control systems	10	32%	84	37%	144	36%
Internal audit	6	19%	20	9%	41	10%
External audit	1	3%	2	1%	3	1%
Fraud detection system	0	-	9	4%	15	4%
Don't know	1	3%	14	6%	26	7%
Total	31	100%	225	100%	395	100%

Question 38: In the most recent incident of fraud or corruption within your organisation that you are aware of, what was the estimated dollar amount involved?

	District health boards		Central government		All public entities
	No.	%	No.	%	No.	%
No monetary loss	4	17%	26	14%	48	15%
Less than $1,000	6	26%	54	30%	104	33%
Between $1,000 and $10,000	6	26%	50	28%	90	28%
Between $10,001 and $50,000	1	4%	9	5%	16	5%
Between $50,001 and $100,000	0	0%	4	2%	7	2%
Between $100,001 and $500,000	1	4%	7	4%	7	2%
More than $500,000	1	4%	2	1%	3	1%
Don't know	4	17%	28	16%	44	14%
Total	23	100%	180	100%	319	100%

Question 39: In the most recent incident of fraud or corruption within your organisation that you are aware of, what was the main reason that enabled it to occur?

	District health boards		Central Government		All surveyed public entities
	No.	%	No.	%	No.	%
Inadequate internal control policies and procedures	4	19%	14	8%	26	8%
Internal control policies and procedures not followed	5	24%	59	33%	85	27%
Poor segregation of duties	0	-	6	3%	10	3%
Easy access to cash	0	-	7	4%	19	6%
Management override of controls	2	10%	7	4%	15	5%
It was a new type of fraud that our organisation was unprepared for	0	-	4	2%	12	4%
Person didn't think they would get caught	8	38%	68	39%	127	40%
Don't know	2	10%	12	7%	22	7%
Total	21	100%	177	100%	316	100%

Question 40: In the most recent incident of fraud or corruption within your organisation that you are aware of, what action was taken against the perpetrator(s)?

	District health boards		Central government		All public entities
	No.	%	No.	%	No.	%
No action was taken	2	10%	5	3%	14	5%
Insufficient evidence or culprit not identified	0	-	7	4%	10	3%
Decision/action pending	1	5%	10	6%	15	5%
Allowed to resign and not reported to relevant authorities	1	5%	20	11%	35	11%
Allowed to resign but reported to relevant authorities	0	-	14	8%	23	7%
Disciplined without any report to relevant authorities	1	5%	16	9%	40	13%
Disciplined and reported to relevant authorities	0	-	13	7%	19	6%
Dismissed without any report to relevant authorities	2	10%	21	12%	44	14%
Dismissed and reported to relevant authorities	9	45%	45	26%	81	26%
Don't know	4	20%	23	13%	30	10%
Total	20	100%	174	100%	311	100%

Question 41: I feel secure in my job.

	Yes		No		Don't know		Total
District health boards	56	80%	6	9%	8	11%	70
Central government	577	91%	34	5%	22	3%	633
All public entities	1341	94%	46	3%	33	2%	1420

Question 42: Budgetary constraints mean that my team has to achieve higher targets with fewer resources.

	Yes		No		Don't know		Total
District health boards	61	87%	6	9%	3	4%	70
Central government	465	73%	150	24%	18	3%	633
All public entities	943	66%	423	30%	54	4%	1420

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